If you are searching for the best material for your IELTS exam preparation, you have arrived at your required place. You can do perfect practice for the reading section of the IELTS exam. Here is the passage on the birth of writing reading answers.
यह भी पढ़ें: पृथ्वी से शक्ति आईईएलटीएस पढ़ने के उत्तर: आईईएलटीएस शैक्षणिक और सामान्य पढ़ने की तैयारी
आईईएलटीएस उत्तर भाग एक पढ़ना
Writing was first invented by the Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia before 3,000 BC. It was also independently invented in Meso-America before 600 BC and probably independently invented in China before 1,300 BC. It may have been independently invented in Egypt around 3,000 BC although given the geographical proximity between Egypt and Mesopotamia the Egyptians may have learned writing from the Sumerians.
There are three basic types of writing systems. The written signs used by the writing system could represent either a whole word, a syllable, or an individual sound. Where the written sign represents a word the system is known as logographic as it uses logograms which are written signs that represent a word.
The earliest writing systems such as the Sumerian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphics, and Mayan glyphs are predominantly logo graphics as are modem Chinese and Japanese writing systems. Where the written sign represents a syllable the writing system is known as syllabic. Syllabic writing systems were more common in the ancient world than they are today.
The Linear A and B writing systems of Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece are syllabic. The most common writing systems today are alphabetical. These involve the written sign (a letter) representing a single sound (known as a phoneme). The earliest known alphabetical systems were developed by speakers of Semitic languages around 1700 BC in the area of modem day Israel and Palestine.
All written languages will predominately use one or other of the above systems. They may however partly use the other systems. No written language is purely alphabetic, syllabic, or logographic but may use elements from any or all systems.
भाग दो
Such fully developed writing only emerged after the development of simpler systems. Talley sticks with notches on them to represent several sheep or to record a debt have been used in the past. Knotted strings have been used as a form of record-keeping, particularly in the area around the Pacific rim.
They reached their greatest development with the Inca quipus where they were used to record payment of tribute and to record commercial transactions. A specially trained group of quipu makers and readers managed the whole system.
The use of pictures for communication was used by native Americans and by the Ashanti and Ewe people in Africa. Pictures can show qualities and characteristics which can not be shown by tally sticks and knot records. They do not however amount to writing as they do not bear a conventional relationship to language.
भाग तीन
An alternative idea was that a system by which tokens, which represented objects like sheep, were placed in containers and the containers were marked on the outside indicating the number and type of tokens within the container gave rise to writing in Mesopotamia.
The marks on the outside of the container were a direct symbolic representation of the tokens inside the container and an indirect symbolic representation of the object the token represented. The marks on the outside of the containers were graphically identical to some of the earliest pictograms used in Sumerian cuneiform, the world’s first written language. However cuneiform has approximately 1,500 signs and the marks on the outside of the containers can only explain the origins of a few of those signs.
यह भी पढ़ें: रोमन टनल आईईएलटीएस उत्तर पढ़ना: आइए सटीकता के साथ गहन आईईएलटीएस तैयारी करें!
भाग चार
The first written language was the Sumerian cuneiform. Writing mainly consisted of records of numbers of sheep, goats, cattle, and quantities of grain. Eventually, clay tablets were used as a writing surface and were marked with a reed stylus to produce the writing.
Thousands of such clay tablets have been found in the Sumerian city of Uruk. The earliest Sumerian writing consists of pictures of the objects mentioned such as sheep or cattle. Eventually, the pictures became more abstract and were to consist of straight lines that looked like wedges.
भाग पांच
The earliest cuneiform was an accounting system consisting of pictograms representing commodities such as sheep and a number. The clay tablets found might for example simply state “ten sheep”. Such writing has its limitations and would not be regarded as a complete writing system.
A complete writing system is only developed with the process of monetization. This occurs when the symbol ceases to represent an object and begins to represent a spoken sound, which in early cuneiform would be a word. This process was assessed when the symbols which initially looked very like the object they represented gradually became more abstract and less clearly related to an object.
However while the symbol became more closely connected to words, it was words dealing with objects, such as sheep, birds, or pots. It was still not possible to write more abstract ideas such as father, running, speech, or foreigner.
The solution to this problem was known as the rebus principle. Words with the same or similar pronunciation to an abstract word could be used to represent the abstract word. The sign for the eye could be used to represent the word “I”. The sign for deer could represent the word “dear”.
Which word is referred to by the picture is decided by an additional sign. Pictographs that originally represented a word began to represent the sound of the word. The rebus principle is used to represent abstract words in all word writing systems in Sumer, Egypt, China, and in the Aztec and Mayan writing in central America.
भाग छह
The Rebus principle lead to cuneiform becoming a form of logo-syllabic writing consisting of both logograms and syllabic writing. The effect of the change from logographic to logo-syllabic writing was substantial. Logographic writing cannot produce normal prose and is restricted to nouns, numbers, names, and adjectives.
The vast majority of early Sumerian writing consisted of bureaucratic records of products received or products distributed. Only when syllabic writing was introduced into cuneiform did it become possible to write prose such as myths and royal propaganda.
The next major development in writing in the old world was the development of the alphabet. The alphabet was developed out of Egyptian hieroglyphs which contained 24 signs for 24 Egyptian consonants. About 1700 BC Semites who knew Egyptian hieroglyphs began making certain changes in their writing system.
They put the letters in a particular sequence and gave them simple names to assist learning and ease of memory. They also dropped the logograms and other signs used in hieroglyphs and just kept the Egyptian consonants and restricted the signs to those for individual consonants.
Finally, they introduced vowels into their alphabet. Alphabets were soon to spread over most of the world as they provide both flexibility and simplicity for a writing system.
यह भी पढ़ें: Are We Managing to Destroy Science Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Passage for Preparation
आईईएलटीएस रीडिंग पैसेज से संबंधित प्रश्न
सवाल नंबर एक
परिच्छेद से दिए गए कुछ कथन निम्नलिखित हैं ऊपर. आपको गद्यांश से उत्तरों की जांच करनी होगी और उन्हें सही ढंग से लिखना होगा।
#1. The first written language was the ________________.
Answer: Sumerian cuneiform
#2. _________________ cannot produce normal prose and is resticted to nouns, numbers, names and adjectives.
Answer: Logographic writing
#3. Writing was first invented by the Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia before _____________.
Answer: 3,000 BC
#4. The earliest known alphabetical systems were developed by speakers of Semitic languages around ____________.
Answer: 1700 BC
प्रश्न संख्या दो
नीचे दिए गए कथनों को देखें और उन्हें पढ़ने के बाद उनके सामने TRUE या FALSE लिखें।
सत्य - यदि कथन उपरोक्त परिच्छेद में दी गई जानकारी से सहमत है।
असत्य - यदि कथन उपरोक्त परिच्छेद में दी गई जानकारी से असहमत है।
#1. Thousands of clay tablets have been found in the Sumerian city of Uruk.
उत्तर: सत्य
#2. The alphabet was developed out of Egyptian hieroglyphs which contained 29 signs for 29 Egyptian consonants.
उत्तर: असत्य
#3. The Linear A and B writing systems of Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece are not syllabic.
उत्तर: असत्य
#4. Cuneiform has approximately 1,500 signs.
उत्तर: सत्य
यह भी पढ़ें: उत्तर पढ़ने वाली प्रजाति के बारे में उल्लू रहस्य: 2022 की तैयारी के लिए आईईएलटीएस उत्तर पढ़ना
निष्कर्ष
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