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यह भी पढ़ें: आईईएलटीएस स्पीकिंग विषय और उत्तर: आईईएलटीएस स्पीकिंग टेस्ट की तैयारी
Air Traffic Control in the USA IELTS Reading Answers
भाग एक
– Aviation disaster prompts action
An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.
भाग दो
First steps towards ATC
Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. The first region to have something approximating today’s ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.
भाग तीन
Two coincidental developments
In the 1940s, ATC centers could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America’s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots’ margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.
यह भी पढ़ें: वाटर रीडिंग उत्तर आईईएलटीएस पर हवाई अड्डे: आइए आईईएलटीएस रीडिंग युक्तियाँ और युक्तियाँ पकड़ें!
भाग चार
An oversimplified view
Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation’s airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realized that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.
भाग पांच
Setting altitude zones
To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United States. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface.
Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.
भाग छह
Setting rules to weather conditions
The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane’s instrument panel to fly safely.
On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot’s license that must also be held.
भाग सात
Defining airspace categories
Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them.
Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential.
Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC.
No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.
यह भी पढ़ें: उत्तर पढ़ने के नवाचार का मनोविज्ञान: आइए आईईएलटीएस पेपर के लिए जानकारी प्राप्त करें!
प्रशन आईईएलटीएस रीडिंग पैसेज से संबंधित
सवाल नंबर एक
उपरोक्त परिच्छेद से कुछ कथन निम्नलिखित हैं। आपको गद्यांश से उत्तरों की जांच करनी होगी और उन्हें सही ढंग से लिखना होगा।
#1. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit _____________ is required.
Answer: ATC clearance
#2. In the _________, ATC centers could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War.
Answer: 1940s
#3. Above ___________ is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes.
Answer: 5,490m
#4. An accident that occurred in the skies over the ____________ in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
Answer: Grand Canyon
#5. The purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the __________, radio communication was coming into use for ATC.
Answer: 1930s
सवाल नंबर दो
नीचे दिए गए कथनों को देखें और उन्हें पढ़ने के बाद उनके सामने TRUE या FALSE लिखें।
सत्य - यदि कथन उपरोक्त परिच्छेद में दी गई जानकारी से सहमत है।
असत्य - यदि कथन उपरोक्त परिच्छेद में दी गई जानकारी से असहमत है।
#1. Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet.
उत्तर: सत्य
#2. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.
उत्तर: सत्य
#3. The FAA recognised two types of operating environments.
उत्तर: सत्य
#4. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A.
उत्तर: सत्य
#5. The airport realized that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes.
उत्तर: असत्य
यह भी पढ़ें: Light Pollution Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Test Passage with Questions & Answers
निष्कर्ष
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