The IELTS exam requires good practice and knowledge about different sections of the paper. This article is all about the psychological value of space IELTS reading answers for your IELTS preparation.
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आईईएलटीएस उत्तर पढ़ना
भाग एक
What would a building space look and feel like if it were designed to promote psychological and social well-being? How would it affect the senses, the emotions, and the mind? How would it affect behavioral patterns? For insights, it is useful to look not at buildings but at zoos.
Zoo design has gone through a radical transformation in the past several decades. Cages have been replaced by natural habitats and geographic clustering of animals. In some places, the animals are free-ranging and the visitors are enclosed in buses or trains moving through the habitat. Animals now exist in mixed species exhibits more like their natural landscapes. And, as in nature, the animals have much greater control over their behavior. They can be on view if they want, or out of sight. They forage, play, rest, mate, and act like normal animals.
भाग दो
What brought about this transformation in philosophy and design? A key factor was concern over the animals’ psychological and social well-being. Zoos could keep animals alive but they couldn’t make them flourish.
Caged animals often exhibit neurotic behaviors – pacing, repetitive motions, aggression, and withdrawal. In one more example, an animal psychologist was hired by the Central Park Zoo to study a polar bear that spent the day swimming in an endless figure of eight in its small pool.
This was not normal polar bear behavior and the zoo was concerned about it. After several days of observation, the animal psychologist offered a diagnosis. The bear was bored. To compensate for this unfortunate situation, the zoo added amenities and toys to the bear’s enclosure to encourage exploration and play.
भाग तीन
Are there lessons that we can apply To build design? Some experts believe so. For example biologist Stephen Boyden (1971) defines the optimum healthy environment as ‘the conditions which tend, promote or permit an animal optimal psychological, mental and social performance in its natural or “evolutionary” environment. Because humans evolved in a natural landscape, it is reasonable to turn to the natural environment for clues about performance patterns that may be applicable to building design.
Drawing on habitat selection theory, ecologist Gordon Orians argues that humans are psychologically adapted to and prefer landscape features that characterized the African plains or savannah, the presumed site of human evolution. Although humans now live in many different habitats, Orians argue that our species’ long history as mobile hunters or gatherers on the African savannahs should have left its mark on our psyche.
If the ‘savannah hypothesis’ is true we would expect to find that humans intrinsically like and find pleasurable environments that contain the key features of the savannah most likely to have aided our ancestors’ survival and well-being.
भाग चार
Although Boyden distinguishes between survival and well-being needs, they often overlap. For example, people clearly need food for survival and health. However, food often serves as the basis for bonding and relationship development.
The ritual of sitting around a fire on the savannah or In a cave telling stories of the day’s events and planning for tomorrow may be an ancient carryover from Homo sapiens’ hunting and gathering days.
According to anthropologist Melvin Konner, the sense of safety and intimacy associated with the campfire may have been a factor in the evolution of intellectual progression as well as social bonds. Today’s hearth is the family kitchen at home, and the community places, such as cafes and coffee bars, where people increasingly congregate to eat, talk, read and work.
भाग पांच
A growing body of research shows that building environments that connect people to nature are more supportive of human emotional well-being and cognitive performance than environments lacking these features.
For instance, research by Roger Ulrich consistently shows that passive viewing of nature through windows promotes positive moods. Similarly, research by Rachel Kaplan found that workers with window views of trees had a more positive outlook on life than those doing similar work but whose windows looked out onto a parking lot.
Connection to nature also provides mini mental breaks that may aid the ability to concentrate, according to research by Stephen Kaplan. Terry Hartig and colleagues report similar results in a field experiment. People in their study who went for a walk in a predominantly natural setting achieved better on several office tasks requiring concentration than those who walked in a predominantly built setting or who quietly read a magazine indoors.
भाग छह
Studies of outdoor landscapes are providing evidence that the effects of nature on human well-being and health extend beyond emotional and cognitive functioning to social behaviour and crime reduction.
For instance, Francis Kuo found that outdoor nature buffers aggression in urban high-rise settings and enhances the ability to deal with demanding circumstances. He also reported that planting trees in urban areas increases sociability by providing comfortable places for residents to talk with one another and develop friendships that promote mutual support.
भाग सात
A natural perspective also contributes important insights into comfort maintenance. Because people differ from one another in many ways (genetics, cultures, lifestyles) their ambient preferences vary. Furthermore, a given person varies over time depending on his or her state of health, activities, clothing levels, and so forth.
For most of human history, people have actively managed their surroundings as well as their behaviours to achieve comfort. Yet buildings continue to be designed with a ‘one size fits all approach. Very few buildings or workstations enable occupants to control lighting, temperature, ventilation rates, or noise conditions.
Although the technology is largely available to do this, personal comfort systems have not sold well in the marketplace, even though research by Walter Kroner and colleagues at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute shows that personal control leads to significant increases in comfort and morale.
यह भी पढ़ें: पैरट एलेक्स उत्तर पढ़ना: आईईएलटीएस तैयारी मार्ग देखें!
आईईएलटीएस रीडिंग पैसेज से संबंधित प्रश्न
सवाल नंबर एक
उपरोक्त परिच्छेद से कुछ कथन निम्नलिखित हैं। आपको गद्यांश से उत्तरों की जांच करनी होगी और उन्हें सही ढंग से लिखना होगा।
#1. Connection to nature also provides mini mental breaks that may aid the ability to concentrate, according to a research by ______________.
Answer: Stephen Kaplan
#2. __________ animals often exhibit neurotic behaviours.
Answer: Caged
#3. Research by Walter Kroner and colleagues at _________________ shows that personal control leads to significant increases in comfort and morale.
Answer: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
#4. Melvin Konner is an ____________
Answer: anthropologist
#5. _____________found that outdoor nature buffers aggression in urban high-rise settings and enhances the ability to deal with demanding circumstances.
Answer: Francis Kuo
प्रश्न संख्या दो
नीचे दिए गए कथनों को देखें और उन्हें पढ़ने के बाद उनके सामने TRUE या FALSE लिखें।
सत्य - यदि कथन उपरोक्त परिच्छेद में दी गई जानकारी से सहमत है।
असत्य - यदि कथन उपरोक्त परिच्छेद में दी गई जानकारी से असहमत है।
#1. The effects of nature on human well-being and health extend beyond emotional and cognitive functioning to social behaviour and crime reduction.
उत्तर: सत्य
#2. According to Melvin Konner, the sense of safety and intimacy associated with the campfire may have been a factor in the evolution of intellectual progression as well as social bonds.
उत्तर: सत्य
#3. Roger Ulrich did not show that passive viewing of nature through windows promotes positive moods.
उत्तर: असत्य
#4. Zoo design has gone through a radical transformation in the past several decades.
उत्तर: सत्य
#5. Biologist Stephen Boyden (1971) defines the optimum healthy environment.
उत्तर: सत्य
यह भी पढ़ें: मंगल ग्रह पर जीवन उत्तर पढ़ना: गद्यांश पर पढ़ने के उत्तर देखें!
निष्कर्ष
If you have practised the questions provided in this article from the given passage, you should visit the आईईएलटीएस निंजा website for more content on IELTS preparation.
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