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If you are wishing to get good scores in the आईईएलटीएस परीक्षा, here’s the psychology of innovation reading answers passage for you to practice for the IELTS reading answers. You can also take the best IELTS reading tips from this article. So, let’s go through it. 

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The Psychology of Innovation IELTS Reading Answers

भाग एक

Why are so few companies truly innovative?

Innovation is key to business survival，and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centers designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesn’t make them feel at all creative. And there are those who don’t have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully.

For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies don’t succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employee’s values and a company’s values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, they’re still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances.

भाग दो

One of the most famous photographs in the history of rock n roll emphasizes Ciaidini’s views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Sun’s ‘million-dollar quartet’ could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison’ a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionize popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillips’s ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasn’t inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label.

भाग तीन

The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, ‘When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe.’ Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counterintuitive -they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward.

Managing innovation is a delicate art. It’s easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, it’s also easy for small pockets of innovation‟ to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You can‟t brief people just by saying, ‘We’re going in this direction and I’m going to take you with me.’

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भाग चार

Cialdini believes that this ‘follow-the-leader syndrome ‘ is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. ‘It’s been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field.’ To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. ‘When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said ”he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they weren’t the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, “was so intelligent she rarely sought advice”.’

भाग पांच

Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behavior. ‘The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we don’t even recognise it,’ says Cialdini. ‘If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it.’ Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss’s speech.

भाग छह

Writing, visualizing and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individual’s engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: ‘I like Kellogg’s Com Flakes because… .’ The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it.

Authority doesn’t have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls ”captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly their’. He calls it captainitis because, he says, ”crew members of multi pilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision”. This behavior is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing.

भाग सात

At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom ”the only rule was that there was no rule”. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, color and materials that revolutionized attitudes to furniture design.

Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says:”Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention”. The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.

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आईईएलटीएस रीडिंग पैसेज से संबंधित प्रश्न

सवाल नंबर एक

उपरोक्त परिच्छेद से कुछ कथन निम्नलिखित हैं। आपको गद्यांश से उत्तरों की जांच करनी होगी और उन्हें सही ढंग से लिखना होगा। 

#1. The smartest scientist was called ________________

Answer: Rosalind Franklin

#2. Managing ___________ is a delicate art.

Answer: innovation

#3. Research shows that ____________, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss’s speech.

Answer: peer power

#4. ___________ should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision

Answer: Leaders

#5. The ___________ of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story.

Answer: 1956 picture

प्रश्न संख्या दो

नीचे दिए गए कथनों को देखें और उन्हें पढ़ने के बाद उनके सामने TRUE या FALSE लिखें। 

सत्य - यदि कथन उपरोक्त परिच्छेद में दी गई जानकारी से सहमत है।

असत्य - यदि कथन उपरोक्त परिच्छेद में दी गई जानकारी से असहमत है।

#1. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillips’s ambition and believed in it.

उत्तर: सत्य

#2. One of the most famous photographs in the history of rock n roll emphasizes Ciaidini’s views.

उत्तर: सत्य

#3. Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment

उत्तर: सत्य

#4. Innovation is not the key to business survival

उत्तर: असत्य. 

#5. Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behavior.

उत्तर: सत्य

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निष्कर्ष 

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