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Electroreception IELTS Reading Answers
भाग एक
Open your eyes in seawater and it is difficult to see much more than a murky, bleary green color. Sounds, too, are garbled and difficult to comprehend. Without specialized equipment humans would be lost in these deep-sea habitats, so how do fish make it seem so easy?
Much of this is due to a biological phenomenon known as electroreception – the ability to perceive and act upon electrical stimuli as part of the overall senses. This ability is only found in aquatic or amphibian species because water is an efficient conductor of electricity.
भाग दो
Electroreception comes in two variants. While all animals (including humans) generate electric signals, because they are emitted by the nervous system, some animals have the ability – known as passive electroreception – to receive and decode electric signals generated by other animals to sense their location.
भाग तीन
Other creatures can go further still, however. Animals with active electroreception possess bodily organs that generate special electric signals on cue. These can be used for mating signals and territorial displays as well as locating objects in the water.
Active electroreceptors can differentiate between the various resistances that their electrical currents encounter. This can help them identify whether another creature is prey, predator, or something that is best left alone. Active electroreception has a range of about one body length – usually just enough to give its host time to get out of the way or go in for the kill.
भाग चार
One fascinating use of active electroreception – known as the Jamming Avoidance Response mechanism – has been observed among members of some species known as the weakly electric fish. When two such electric fish meet in the ocean using the same frequency, each fish will then shift the frequency of its discharge so that they are transmitting on different frequencies.
Doing so prevents their electroreception faculties from becoming jammed. Long before citizens’ band radio users first had to yell “Get off my frequency!” With hapless novices cluttering the airwaves, at least one species had found a way to peacefully and quickly resolve this type of dispute.
भाग पांच
Electroreception can also play an important role in animal defenses. Rays are one such example. Young ray embryos develop inside egg cases that are attached to the sea bed. The embryos keep their tails in constant motion to pump water and allow them to breathe through the egg’s casing.
If the embryo’s electroreceptors detect the presence of a predatory fish in the vicinity, however, the embryo stops moving (and in so doing ceases transmitting electric currents) until the fish has moved on. Because marine life of various types is often traveling past, the embryo has evolved only to react to signals that are characteristic of the respiratory movements of potential predators such as sharks.
भाग छह
Many people fear swimming in the ocean because of sharks. In some respects, this concern is well grounded – humans are poorly equipped when it comes to electroreceptive defense mechanisms. Sharks, meanwhile, hunt with extraordinary precision.
They initially lock onto their prey through a keen sense of smell (two-thirds of a shark’s brain is devoted entirely to its olfactory organs). As the shark reaches proximity to its prey, it tunes into electric signals that ensure a precise strike on its target; this sense is so strong that the shark even attacks blindly by letting its eyes recede for protection.
भाग सात
Normally, when humans are attacked it is purely by accident. Since sharks cannot detect from electroreception whether or not something will satisfy their tastes, they tend to “try before they buy”, taking one or two bites and then assessing the results (our sinewy muscle does not compare well with plumper, softer prey such as seals).
Repeat attacks are highly likely once a human is bleeding, however; the force of the electric field is heightened by salt in the blood which creates the perfect setting for a feeding frenzy. In areas where shark attacks on humans are likely to occur, scientists are exploring ways to create artificial electroreceptors that would disorient the sharks and repel them from swimming beaches.
Part Eight
There is much that we do not yet know concerning how electroreception functions. Although researchers have documented how electroreception alters hunting, defense, and communication systems through observation, the exact neurological processes that encode and decode this information are unclear. Scientists are also exploring the role electroreception plays in navigation. Some have proposed that salt water and magnetic fields from the Earth’s core may interact to form electrical currents that sharks use for migratory purposes.
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Questions Related to Electroreception IELTS Reading Passage
सवाल नंबर एक
उपरोक्त परिच्छेद से कुछ कथन निम्नलिखित हैं। आपको गद्यांश से उत्तरों की जांच करनी होगी और उन्हें सही ढंग से लिखना होगा।
#1. Electroreception can also play an important role in ______________.
Answer: animal defenses
#2. Active electroreceptors can differentiate between the various resistances that their ________________ encounter.
Answer: electrical currents
#3. Scientists are also exploring the role ________________ in navigation.
Answer: electroreception plays
#4. Active electroreception has a range of about _______________ body length.
Answer: one
#5. One fascinating use of active electroreception is known as the _________________.
Answer: Jamming Avoidance Response Mechanism
प्रश्न संख्या दो
नीचे दिए गए कथनों को देखें और उन्हें पढ़ने के बाद उनके सामने TRUE या FALSE लिखें।
सत्य - यदि कथन उपरोक्त परिच्छेद में दी गई जानकारी से सहमत है।
असत्य - यदि कथन उपरोक्त परिच्छेद में दी गई जानकारी से असहमत है।
#1. The Jamming Avoidance Response mechanism has been observed among members of some species known as the weakly electric fish.
उत्तर: सत्य
#2. Many people fear swimming in the ocean because of plants.
उत्तर: असत्य
#3. Electroreception is only found in aquatic or amphibian species because water is an efficient conductor of electricity.
उत्तर: सत्य
#4. Electroreception is the ability to perceive and act upon electrical stimuli as part of the overall senses.
उत्तर: सत्य
#5. Electroreception comes in two variants.
उत्तर: सत्य
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निष्कर्ष
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